The Miami Art Museum Mam Is Working on the Budgets for the 2017 Fiscal Year

Urban center in Florida, United States

Miami Beach, Florida
Urban center
Southern portion of Miami Beach with downtown Miami in background (2006)
Seal
Location in Miami-Dade County and the state of Florida
U.S. Census Agency map showing city limits
Coordinates: 25°48′46.89″N 80°eight′2.63″W  /  25.8130250°N 80.1340639°W  / 25.8130250; -eighty.1340639 Coordinates: 25°48′46.89″N 80°8′ii.63″W  /  25.8130250°North 80.1340639°W  / 25.8130250; -80.1340639
Land	Usa
State	Florida
County	Miami-Dade
Incorporated	March 26, 1915
Government
• Blazon	Commission-Managing director
• Mayor	Dan Gelber[1]
• Vice Mayor	Steven Meiner
• Urban center Manager	Alina T. Hudak
• City Clerk	Rafael E. Granado
Area [2]
• City	15.22 sq mi (39.42 km2)
• Land	7.69 sq mi (19.92 kmii)
• Water	7.53 sq mi (19.49 km2)  62.37%
Elevation [iii]	4 ft (one.ii one thousand)
Population (2020)
• Metropolis	82,890
• Density	10,774.73/sq mi (4,160.38/km2)
• Metro	v,564,635
Fourth dimension zone	UTC−5 (EST)
• Summertime (DST)	UTC−iv (EDT)
Zero codes	33109, 33139, 33140, 33141.
Surface area code(southward)	305, 786
FIPS code	12-45025[4]
GNIS characteristic ID	286750[5]
Website	miamibeachfl.gov

Miami Embankment is a littoral resort city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It was incorporated on March 26, 1915.^[vi] The municipality is located on natural and homo-made barrier islands between the Atlantic Ocean and Biscayne Bay, the latter of which separates the Embankment from the mainland city of Miami. The neighborhood of Southward Beach, comprising the southernmost 2.5 square miles (6.5 km²) of Miami Beach, along with Downtown Miami and the Port of Miami, collectively form the commercial centre of South Florida.^[7] Miami Beach's population is 82,890 according to the 2020 demography.^[8] Miami Beach is the 26th largest urban center in Florida based on official 2019 estimates from the U.South. Census Agency.^[9] It has been one of America'southward pre-eminent beach resorts since the early on 20th century.

In 1979, Miami Beach's Fine art Deco Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Art Deco Commune is the largest collection of Art Deco architecture in the world^[10] and comprises hundreds of hotels, apartments and other structures erected between 1923 and 1943. Mediterranean, Streamline Moderne and Art Deco are all represented in the District. The Historic District is bounded by the Atlantic Bounding main on the East, Lenox Court on the West, 6th Street on the South and Dade Boulevard forth the Collins Canal to the North. The movement to preserve the Art Deco District'due south architectural heritage was led by the late former interior designer Barbara Baer Capitman, who at present has a street in the District named in her honor.

Government [edit]

Miami Beach is governed by a formalism mayor and six commissioners. Although the mayor runs commission meetings, the mayor and all commissioners have equal voting power and are elected by popular ballot. The mayor serves for terms of two years with a term limit of three terms and commissioners serve for terms of four years and are limited to 2 terms. Commissioners are voted for citywide and every two years iii commission seats are voted upon.

A urban center managing director is responsible for administering governmental operations. An appointed city director is responsible for assistants of the urban center.^[11] The City Clerk and the Metropolis Chaser are too appointed officials.

History [edit]

In 1870, begetter and son Henry and Charles Lum purchased country on Miami Beach for 75 cents an acre. The first structure to be built on this uninhabited oceanfront was the Biscayne Firm of Refuge, constructed in 1876 by the United states Life-Saving Service through an executive order issued past President Ulysses S. Grant,^[12] at approximately 72nd Street. Its purpose was to provide food, water, and a return to civilization for people who were shipwrecked. The construction, which had fallen into disuse by the time the Life-Saving Service became the U.Due south. Declension Guard in 1915, was destroyed in the 1926 Miami Hurricane and never rebuilt.

John S. Collins, founding programmer of Miami Beach

Opening of the Collins Span, 1913, so the longest wooden bridge in the world

The adjacent step in the development of the hereafter Miami Beach was the planting of a coconut plantation along the shore in the 1880s by New Jersey entrepreneurs Ezra Osborn and Elnathan T. Field, only this was a failed venture.^[thirteen] One of the investors in the projection was agriculturist John S. Collins, who achieved success by ownership out other partners and planting dissimilar crops, notably avocados, on the land that would after become Miami Beach. In fact, the pino trees on today'south Pinetree Drive served equally an erosion buffer for Collins' plantations.^[14] Meanwhile, across Biscayne Bay, the City of Miami was established in 1896 with the inflow of the railroad and adult further every bit a port when the shipping channel of Government Cut was created in 1905, cut off Fisher Island from the south finish of the Miami Embankment peninsula.

Collins' family members saw the potential in developing the beach every bit a resort. This effort got underway in the early on years of the 20th century by the Collins/Pancoast family unit, the Lummus brothers (bankers from Miami) and Indianapolis entrepreneur Carl M. Fisher. Until and so, the beach here was only the destination for day-trips by ferry from Miami, across the bay. By 1912, Collins and Pancoast were working together to clear the country, institute crops, supervise the structure of canals to get their avocado ingather to marketplace and fix upwardly the Miami Beach Improvement Company.^[15] There were bathhouses and food stands, but no hotel until Chocolate-brown'south Hotel was built in 1915 (still standing, at 112 Bounding main Drive). Much of the interior landmass at that fourth dimension was a tangled jungle of mangroves. Clearing it, deepening the channels and water bodies, and eliminating native growth almost everywhere in favor of landfill for evolution, was expensive. Once a 1600-acre, jungle-matted sand bar three miles out in the Atlantic, it grew to 2,800 acres when dredging and filling operations were completed.^[16]

Carl G. Fisher (1909 photo)

With loans from the Lummus brothers, Collins had begun work on a 2½-mile-long wooden bridge, the world's longest wooden bridge at the time, to connect the island to the mainland. When funds ran dry and construction work stalled, Indianapolis millionaire and recent Miami transplant Fisher intervened, providing the financing needed to consummate the Collins Bridge the post-obit yr in return for a state bandy bargain.^[fifteen] That transaction kicked off the island's first real estate boom. The Collins Bridge cost over $150,000^[17] and opened on June 12, 1913.^[18] Fisher helped by organizing an almanac speed boat regatta, and by promoting Miami Beach every bit an Atlantic City-manner playground and winter retreat for the wealthy. By 1915, Lummus, Collins, Pancoast, and Fisher were all living in mansions on the island, three hotels and ii bathhouses had been erected, an aquarium built, and an eighteen-hole golf game course landscaped.

The Town of Miami Beach was chartered on March 26, 1915; information technology grew to become a City in 1917. Fifty-fifty later on the boondocks was incorporated in 1915 nether the name of Miami Beach, many visitors thought of the beach strip equally Alton Embankment, indicating just how well Fisher had advertised his interests there. The Lummus property was called Body of water Beach, with only the Collins interests previously referred to as Miami Embankment.^[half-dozen] In 1925, the Collins Bridge was replaced past the Venetian Causeway, described every bit "a series of drawbridges and renamed the Venetian Causeway".^[17]

Aerial view of the Flamingo Hotel, circa 1922

Carl Fisher was the chief promoter of Miami Beach's development in the 1920s as the site for wealthy industrialists from the north and Midwest to and build their winter homes here. Many other Northerners were targeted to holiday on the isle. To accommodate the wealthy tourists, several grand hotels were built, among them: The Flamingo Hotel, The Fleetwood Hotel, The Floridian, The Nautilus, and the Roney Plaza Hotel. In the 1920s, Fisher and others created much of Miami Beach every bit landfill past dredging Biscayne Bay; this man-made territory includes Star, Palm, and Hibiscus Islands, the Sunset Islands, much of Normandy Isle, and all of the Venetian Islands except Belle Isle. The Miami Beach peninsula became an island in April 1925 when Haulover Cut was opened, connecting the ocean to the bay, north of present-twenty-four hours Bal Harbour. The neat 1926 Miami hurricane put an stop to this prosperous era of the Florida Nail, only in the 1930s Miami Beach still attracted tourists, and investors constructed the mostly pocket-sized-scale, stucco hotels and rooming houses, for seasonal rental, that incorporate much of the present "Art Deco" historic district.

Roller skating waitresses at Roney Plaza Hotel, 1939

Carl Fisher brought Steve Hannagan to Miami Beach in 1925 as his chief publicist.^[19] Hannagan set-up the Miami Beach News Bureau and notified news editors that they could "Print anything you desire well-nigh Miami Embankment; only make certain you get our proper noun right."^[20] The News Bureau sent thousands of pictures of bathing beauties and press releases to columnists similar Walter Winchell and Ed Sullivan.^[twenty] One of Hannagan'southward favorite venues was a billboard in Times Square, New York Metropolis, where he ran two taglines: "'Information technology's always June in Miami Beach' and 'Miami Embankment, Where Summertime Spends the Winter.'"^[21]

Anti-semitism was rampant in the 1920s and into the 30s. Developer Carl Fisher would sell property but to gentiles so Jews were required to live south of Fifth Street. As recently every bit the 1930s, hotels refused to take Jews.^[22] As the 1930s developed, the "dismantling on Miami Beach of restrictive barriers to Jewish ownership of real estate" was underway; many Jews bought properties from others.^[23]

Just a few beach expanse were open to buildings by Jews in 1947 when Temple Emanu-El was built

By the 1940s and 50s, an increasing number of Jewish families built hotels. The first "skyscraper" was the 18-story Lord Tarleton Hotel built in 1940 by Samuel Jacobs. The Jewish mobster Meyer Lansky, who ran some "rug joints" (gambling operations) in Florida by 1936,^[24] and eventually controlled casinos in Cuba and Las Vegas, retired in Miami and died in Miami Beach.^{[25] [26]}

Temple Menorah developed from an earlier Jewish Centre congenital in 1951

During the 2d Earth War, Jewish doctors were not granted staff privileges at any area hospitals so the community built Mount Sinai Medical Center (Miami) on Miami Embankment.^[23] The North Shore Jewish Center was congenital in 1951 and became Temple Menorah subsequently an expansion in 1963.^[27]

Post–World War II economic expansion brought a wave of immigrants to Due south Florida from the Northern United States, which significantly increased the population in Miami Beach within a few decades. After Fidel Castro's rise to ability in 1959, a moving ridge of Cuban refugees entered Due south Florida and dramatically inverse the demographic make-upwards of the expanse. In 2017, one report named zip lawmaking 33109 (Fisher Island, a 216-acre isle located just south of Miami Beach), every bit having the 4th most expensive domicile sales and the highest average annual income ($two.5 1000000) in 2015.^[28]

The sun and warm climate attracted many Jewish families and retirees. One guess states that "20,000 elderly Jews" were role of the population of the beach in the late 1970s".^[29] In a 2017 interview, a demographer from the Academy of Miami estimated that at that place "might accept been as many as lxx,000 Jews in Miami Beach at 1 point" declining to "effectually 19,000 in 2014". The decline was motivated partly by "increasing prices during the art deco movement and an increment in law-breaking and changing cultural demographics".^[30]

In 1980 even so, 62 percent of the population of Miami Beach was still Jewish. During the 1980s many of the Jewish citizens left and moved to "Delray Beach, Lake Worth and Boca Raton".^[31] During the 1990s, South Beach transformed into a home of the way manufacture and celebrities.^[32] In 1999, there were only 10,000 Jewish people living in Miami Beach.^{[33] [34]}

Timeline [edit]

Timeline of Miami Beach, Florida

• 1896 – City of Miami founded with the recent arrival extension Henry Flagler's FEC railroad.
• 1905 – Government Cut manmade shipping channel created separating Miami Embankment and Fisher Island.
• 1912 – Miami Beach Improvement Company founded.^[6]
• 1913 – Collins Bridge (now Venetian Causeway), start bridge between Miami and Miami Embankment, built.^[35]
• 1915
  • Miami Beach incorporated.^[36]
  • John Newton Lummus becomes first mayor of Miami Beach.^[6]
  • Brown's Hotel get-go hotel built in Miami Embankment, still standing today at 112 Ocean Drive.
• 1920
  • Population: 644.
  • County Causeway (now MacArthur Causeway) connecting Miami and Miami Beach opens.
• 1925
  • Venetian Causeway opens.
  • Miami Beach becomes an isle when the Haulover cutting opens in Apr connecting the sea to the bay just north of Bal Harbour, Florida
• 1926
  • Miami Beach sustains significant damage from 1926 Miami hurricane
• 1928
  • Al Capone buys holding in Miami Beach.^[35]
  • 1928 – 79th Street Causeway built to connect Miami Embankment to Hialeah Park Race Runway.^[37]
• 1930 – Population: half-dozen,494.
• 1935 – Many of the famous Art Deco hotels forth current day Ocean Bulldoze are built between 1935 and 1941 before the onset of WWII ends construction. Colony (1935), Savoy Plaza (1935), The Tides (1936), Surf Hotel (1936), Beacon (1936), Cavalier (1936), Leslie (1937), Park Central (1937), Barbizon (1937), Waldorf Towers (1937), Victor (1937), Clevelander (1938), Crescent (1938), Carlyle (1939), Cardozo (1939), Winterhaven (1939), Bentley (1939), Breakwater (1939), Regal (1939), Purple (1940), Avalon (1941), Betsy Ross Hotel (1941), St. Charles (1941), Clyde Hotel (1941).
• 1937 – WKAT radio begins broadcasting.^[38]
• 1940 – Population: 28,012.
• 1954 – Fontainebleau Hotel in business.
• 1958 – Miami Beach Convention Middle opens.
• 1959 – Miami International Airport dedicated most Miami Beach.^[39]
• 1960 – Population: 63,145.
• 1961 – The Julia Tuttle Causeway between Miami and Miami Embankment opens.
• 1968 – August: 1968 Republican National Convention held in Miami Beach.
• 1971 – Annual Due south Florida Auto Show begins.
• 1972 – July: 1972 Democratic National Convention held in Miami Embankment.
• 1972 – August: 1972 Republican National Convention held in Miami Embankment.
• 1973 – February: A mentally ill homo firebombs a crowded deli on Collins Artery, killing iii people and injuring nearly 130.
• 1977 – September: 35th Globe Science Fiction Convention held in Miami Beach.
• 1979 – Much of Miami South Beach area becomes a historic preservation zone.
• 1984 – Pop NBC Television prove Miami Vice filmed in many locations in Miami and Miami Embankment for v seasons between 1984 and 1989.
• 1997 – July xv: Fashion designer Gianni Versace killed at Casa Casuarina.^[35]
• 2000 – Blue and Green Diamond hi-rises built.
• 2001 – Murano at Portofino hi-rise congenital.
• 2002
  • Annual international Art Basel Miami Beach (art fair) begins.^[40]
  • Continuum how-do-you-do-rise built
• 2004 – Setai Hotel and ICON hi-rise built.
• 2007 – Matti Herrera Bower becomes mayor.
• 2010 – Population: 87,779.^{[41] [42]}
• 2011 – November one: Miami Embankment mayoral ballot, 2011 held; Bower stays in office.
• 2013 – Philip Levine becomes mayor.
• 2015 – November 3: Miami Beach mayoral election, 2015 held; Levine stays in office.
• 2021 – Miami becomes first metropolis to buy Bitcoin.

Culture [edit]

South Beach (also known as SoBe, or simply the Beach), the area from Biscayne Street (also known as Due south Pointe Drive) i block south of 1st Street to most 23rd Street, is i of the more popular areas of Miami Embankment. Although topless sunbathing by women has not been officially legalized, female person toplessness is tolerated on Due south Beach and in a few hotel pools on Miami Beach.^{[43] [44]} Before the Tv set show Miami Vice helped brand the area popular, SoBe was under urban bane, with vacant buildings and a loftier crime rate. Today, it is considered ane of the richest commercial areas on the beach, yet poverty and crime however remain in some places near the area.^[45]

Miami Beach, especially Ocean Bulldoze of what is now the Art Deco District, was as well featured prominently in the 1983 characteristic picture Scarface and the 1996 comedy The Birdcage.

Lincoln Road, running east–west parallel betwixt 16th and 17th Streets, is a nationally known spot for outdoor dining and shopping and features galleries of well known designers, artists and photographers such as Romero Britto, Peter Lik, and Jonathan Adler.^{[ citation needed ]}. In 2015, the Miami Beach residents passed a police forbidding bicycling, rollerblading, skateboarding and other motorized vehicles on Lincoln Road during busy pedestrian hours between ix:00 am and 2:00 am.^[46]

Historic preservation [edit]

Map of Miami Beach historic districts as of January 17, 2018.

Past the 1970s, jet travel had enabled vacationers from the northern parts of the United states to travel to the Caribbean and other warm-conditions climates in the winter. Miami Beach's economic system suffered. Elderly retirees, many with little money, dominated the population of South Beach.^[47]

To aid revive the area, metropolis planners and developers sought to bulldoze many of the aging art deco buildings that were built in the 1930s. By i count, the urban center had over 800 art deco buildings within its borders.^[47]

In 1976, Barbara Baer Capitman and a group of fellow activists formed the Miami Blueprint Preservation League (MDPL) to try to halt the devastation of the celebrated buildings in Southward Beach.^[47] Later contesting local developers and Washington DC bureaucrats, MDPL prevailed in its quest to have the Miami Beach Art Deco District named to the National Register of Celebrated Places in 1979. While the recognition did not offer protection for the buildings from demolition, information technology succeeded in cartoon attention to the plight of the buildings.^[48]

Due in part to the newfound sensation of the art deco buildings, vacationers, tourists and TV, and pic crews were drawn to South Beach. Investors began to rehabilitate hotels, restaurants and apartment buildings in the area.^[49]

Despite the enthusiasm for the historic buildings by many, at that place were no real protections for historic buildings. Equally wrecking crews threatened buildings, MDPL members protested by holding marches and candlelight vigils. In one instance, protestors stood in front of a hotel blocking bulldozers as they approached a hotel.^[50]

Afterward many years of effort, the Miami Beach urban center commission created the start two historic preservation districts in 1986. The districts covered Espanola Way and most of Ocean Bulldoze and Collins Artery in South Embankment. The designation of the districts helped protect buildings from sabotage and created standards for renovation.^[51]

While some developers connected to focus on demolition, several investors similar Tony Goldman and Ian Schrager bought fine art deco hotels and transformed them into earth famous hot spots in the '80s and '90s. Among the celebrities that frequented Miami Embankment were Madonna, Sylvester Stallone, Cher, Oprah Winfrey and Gianni Versace.^[52]

Additional historic districts were created in 1992. The new districts covered Lincoln Road, Collins Avenue between 16th and 22nd Streets and the expanse around the Bass Museum.^[53] In 2005, the metropolis began the process of protecting the mid-century buildings on Collins Avenue between 43rd to 53rd Streets including the Fontainebleau and Eden Roc Hotels.^[54] Several North Beach neighborhoods were designated as historic in 2018. A large collection of MiMo (Miami Modernistic) buildings can exist found in the expanse.^[55]

The Arts [edit]

Jackie Gleason hosted his Jackie Gleason and His American Scene Magazine (September 29, 1962 – June 4, 1966) television set bear witness, after moving information technology from New York to Miami Embankment in 1964, reportedly considering he liked twelvemonth-round access to the golf course at the nearby Inverrary State Club in Lauderhill (where he built his terminal home). His endmost line became, almost invariably, "As always, the Miami Embankment audience is the greatest audience in the world!" In the Fall 1966 television season, he abandoned the American Scene Magazine format and converted the show into a standard variety 60 minutes with guest performers. The prove was renamed The Jackie Gleason Show, lasting from September 17, 1966 – September 12, 1970. He started the 1966–1967 flavor with new, color episodes of The Honeymooners, with Sheila MacRae and Jane Kean as Alice Kramden and Trixie Norton, respectively. The regular cast included Fine art Carney every bit Ed Norton; Milton Berle was a frequent guest star. The show was shot in color on videotape at the Miami Embankment Auditorium (later renamed the Jackie Gleason Theatre of the Performing Arts), now known as Fillmore Miami Embankment, and Gleason never tired of promoting the "sun and fun capital of the world" on photographic camera. CBS canceled the serial in 1970.

Each Dec, the Urban center of Miami Beach hosts Art Basel Miami Beach, one of the largest art shows in the U.s.a.. Art Basel Miami Embankment, the sis event to the Art Basel event held each June in Basel, Switzerland, combines an international selection of acme galleries with a program of special exhibitions, parties and crossover events featuring music, film, architecture, and design. Exhibition sites are located in the metropolis's Art Deco District, and coincident events are scattered throughout the greater Miami metropolitan surface area.

The first Fine art Basel Miami Embankment was held in 2002.^[56] In 2016, about 77,000 people attended the fair.^[57] The 2017 evidence featured about 250 galleries at the Miami Beach Convention Center.^[58]

Miami Beach is home to the New Earth Symphony, established in 1987 nether the artistic direction of Michael Tilson Thomas. In January 2011, the New World Symphony made a highly publicized motility into the New Globe Heart building designed by Canadian American Pritzker Prize-winning builder Frank Gehry. Gehry is famous for his blueprint of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, and the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California. The new Gehry building offers Live Wallcasts™,^[59] which allow visitors to feel select events throughout the season at the half-acre, outdoor Miami Embankment SoundScape through the use of visual and audio applied science on a 7,000-square-foot (650 m^two) projection wall.

Miami beach is likewise habitation to Miami New Drama, the resident theater company at the celebrated Colony Theatre on Lincoln Road. The regional theater visitor was founded in 2016 by Venezuelan playwright and director, Michel Hausmann, and playwright, manager, and Medal of the Arts winner,^[60] Moises Kaufman.^[61] In October 2016, Miami New Drama took over operations of the Colony Theatre,^[62] and since then, the 417-seat Art Deco venue hosts Miami New Drama's theatrical flavor besides every bit other live events.^[63]

The Miami Metropolis Ballet, a ballet company founded in 1985, is housed in a 63,000-square-foot (five,900 mⁱⁱ) building near Miami Beach'due south Bass Museum of Fine art.

The Miami Embankment Festival of the Arts is an annual outdoor fine art festival that was begun in 1974.

[edit]

Miami Beach is habitation to several Orthodox Jewish communities with a network of well-established synagogues and yeshivas, the first of which existence the Landow Yeshiva, a Chabad establishment in functioning for over 30 years. In that location is also a liberal Jewish community containing such famous synagogues as Temple Emanu-El, Temple Beth Shalom and Cuban Hebrew Congregation. Miami Embankment is also a magnet for Jewish families, retirees, and particularly snowbirds when the cold wintertime sets into the due north. These visitors range from the Modern Orthodox to the Haredi and Hasidic – including many rebbes who vacation there during the North American winter. Till his expiry in 1991, the Nobel laureate writer Isaac Bashevis Singer lived in the northern cease of Miami Embankment and breakfasted often at Sheldon'southward drugstore on Harding Avenue.

There are many kosher restaurants and even kollels for mail-graduate Talmudic scholars, such equally the Miami Embankment Community Kollel. Miami Beach had roughly lx,000 people in Jewish households, 62 percent of the full population in 1982, only only 16,500, or nineteen pct of the population in 2004, said Ira Sheskin, a demographer at the University of Miami who conducts surveys once a decade.^{[ commendation needed ]} The Miami Embankment Jewish community had decreased in size by 1994 due to migration to wealthier areas and aging of the population.^[64]

Miami Beach is home to the Holocaust Memorial of the Greater Miami Jewish Federation.

[edit]

Miami Embankment has been regarded as a gay mecca for decades likewise as being one of the most LGBT friendly cities in the Us. Miami Beach is dwelling to numerous gay bars and gay-specific events, and five service and resource organizations. After decades of economic and social decline, an influx of gays and lesbians moving to South Beach in the late-1980s to mid-1990s contributed to Miami Beach's revitalization. The newcomers purchased and restored battered Art Deco hotels and clubs, started numerous businesses and built political power in metropolis and canton government.^[65]

The passage of progressive civil rights laws,^[65] election of outspokenly pro-gay Miami Beach Mayor Matti Bower, and the introduction of Miami Embankment's Gay Pride Celebration, take reinvigorated the local LGBT community in contempo years, which some argued had experienced a decline in the late 2000s.^[66] In Jan 2010, Miami Beach passed a revised Human Rights Ordinance that strengthens enforcement of already existing human being rights laws and adds protections for transgender people,^[67] making Miami Embankment's human rights laws some of the about progressive in the state.^[65]

Miami Beach Pride has gained prominence since it first started in 2009, there has been an increment in attendance every year. In 2013 there were more than 80,000 people who participated to now more than 130,000 people that participate in the festivities every year.^[68] It has also attracted many celebrities such as Chaz Bono,^[69] Adam Lambert,^[70] Gloria Estefan, Mario Lopez, and Elvis Duran who were K Marshals for Pride Weekend from 2012 through 2016^{[68] [71]} respectively. There are over 125 businesses who are LGBT supportive that sponsor Miami Beach Pride.

Geography [edit]

S Beach in March 2008

Co-ordinate to the Us Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 18.7 sq mi (48.five km²), of which 7.0 sq mi (18.2 km^two) is land and eleven.7 sq mi (30.ii km^two) (62.37%) is h2o.

Elevation and tidal flooding [edit]

Sign near a project to raise the top of a roadway in South Beach.

Miami Beach encounters tidal flooding of certain roads during the annual king tides,^[72] though some tidal flooding has been the case for decades,^[73] as the parts of the western side of South Beach^[74] are at virtually 0 feet (0 m) above normal high tide,^[75] with the entire urban center averaging only iv.4 feet (1.iii k) in a higher place mean body of water level (AMSL).^[76] Notwithstanding, a recent written report by the University of Miami showed that tidal flooding became much more common from the mid-2000s.^[77] The autumn 2015 rex tides exceeded expectations in longevity and height.^[78] Traditional sea level ascension and storm mitigation measures including sea walls and dykes, such equally those in the Netherlands and New Orleans, may not piece of work in Due south Florida due to the porous nature of the footing and limestone below the surface.^[74]

In addition to present difficulty with below-grade development, some areas of southern Florida, especially Miami Beach, are beginning to engineer specifically for sea level rise and other potential effects of climatic change. This includes a five-year, The states$500 million project for the installation of threescore to eighty pumps, building of taller body of water walls, planting of cherry mangrove trees along the sea walls, and the physical raising of road tarmac levels,^[79] also as possible zoning and building code changes, which could eventually lead to retrofitting of existing and historic properties. Some streets and sidewalks were raised about 2.v feet (0.76 m) over previous levels;^[73] the 4 initial pumps installed in 2014 are capable of pumping 4,000 U.s. gallons per minute.^[80] However, this plan is non without criticism. Some residents worry that the efforts will not be sufficient to successfully conform to rise sea levels and wish the city had pursued a more aggressive plan. On the other hand, some worry that the city is moving too rapidly with untested solutions. Others yet have voiced concerns that the programme protects big-money interests in Miami Embankment.^[81] Pump failures such as during construction or power outages, including a Tropical Storm Emily-related rain flood on August 1, 2017, can cause swell unexpected flooding. Combined with the higher roads and sidewalks, this leaves unchanged backdrop relatively lower and decumbent to overflowing.^[82]

Climate [edit]

Co-ordinate to the Köppen climate classification, Miami Beach has a tropical monsoon climate (Am). Like much of Florida, in that location is a marked moisture and dry flavor in Miami Beach. The tropical rainy season runs from May through Oct, when showers and late day thunderstorms are common. The dry flavor is from November through April, when few showers, sunshine, and depression humidity prevail. The island location of Miami Beach, notwithstanding, creates fewer convective thunderstorms, so Miami Beach receives less rainfall in a given year than neighboring areas such as Miami and Fort Lauderdale. Proximity to the moderating influence of the Atlantic gives Miami Embankment lower loftier temperatures and higher lows than inland areas of Florida. Miami Embankment is in hardiness zone 11a, with an annual mean minimum temperature of 43 °F (6 °C). Miami Embankment has never reported temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F).

Miami Beach's location on the Atlantic Ocean, well-nigh its confluence with the Gulf of United mexican states, make it extraordinarily vulnerable to hurricanes and tropical storms. Miami has experienced several direct hits from major hurricanes in recorded weather history – the 1906 Florida Keys hurricane, 1926 Miami hurricane, 1935 Yankee hurricane, 1941 Florida hurricane, 1948 Miami Hurricane, 1950 Hurricane King and 1964 Hurricane Cleo, the expanse has seen indirect contact from hurricanes: 1945 Homestead Hurricane, Betsy (1965), Inez (1966), Andrew (1992), Irene (1999), Michelle (2001), Katrina (2005), Wilma (2005), and Irma (2017).

Climate data for Miami Beach, Florida, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1927–nowadays
Calendar month	January	February	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	87 (31)	89 (32)	92 (33)	95 (35)	98 (37)	97 (36)	98 (37)	98 (37)	96 (36)	95 (35)	92 (33)	89 (32)	98 (37)
Average high °F (°C)	73.6 (23.1)	74.eight (23.viii)	76.v (24.7)	79.6 (26.4)	82.seven (28.2)	86.0 (30.0)	87.8 (31.0)	88.1 (31.two)	87.0 (30.6)	83.7 (28.7)	78.ix (26.1)	76.1 (24.5)	81.two (27.3)
Daily hateful °F (°C)	67.4 (19.7)	69.0 (20.half-dozen)	70.ix (21.6)	74.7 (23.7)	78.2 (25.7)	81.3 (27.4)	82.ix (28.3)	83.1 (28.4)	82.1 (27.8)	79.0 (26.1)	73.viii (23.2)	70.3 (21.3)	76.1 (24.five)
Average low °F (°C)	61.2 (16.2)	63.3 (17.4)	65.two (18.4)	69.8 (21.0)	73.6 (23.i)	76.5 (24.seven)	78.0 (25.6)	78.ane (25.6)	77.two (25.1)	74.4 (23.6)	68.six (20.3)	64.six (18.1)	lxx.9 (21.half dozen)
Tape depression °F (°C)	32 (0)	37 (3)	32 (0)	46 (8)	58 (14)	58 (14)	66 (xix)	67 (19)	67 (19)	54 (12)	39 (four)	32 (0)	32 (0)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	two.33 (59)	2.27 (58)	2.47 (63)	iii.44 (87)	four.94 (125)	7.76 (197)	5.98 (152)	7.51 (191)	8.45 (215)	6.49 (165)	iii.29 (84)	2.25 (57)	57.18 (i,452)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	vi.eight	5.3	half dozen.0	half dozen.4	viii.three	xiii.5	12.three	13.4	14.5	eleven.half dozen	seven.vi	5.ix	111.6
Source: NOAA[83] [84]

Water temperature [edit]

Boilerplate coastal water temperature for the Atlantic Ocean based on historical measurements.^[85]

January	71 °F (21.seven °C)	May ane–15	eighty °F (26.7 °C)	July 16–31	86 °F (thirty.0 °C)	October 1–15	83 °F (28.3 °C)
February	73 °F (22.8 °C)	May 16–31	81 °F (27.2 °C)	August 1–15	86 °F (30.0 °C)	October 16–31	79 °F (26.1 °C)
March	75 °F (23.9 °C)	June one–15	84 °F (28.ix °C)	August xvi–31	84 °F (28.9 °C)	Nov	76 °F (24.four °C)
April 1–xv	78 °F (25.half dozen °C)	June 16–30	85 °F (29.four °C)	September 1–15	84 °F (28.9 °C)	Dec	73 °F (22.8 °C)
April 16–30	78 °F (25.6 °C)	July 1–15	86 °F (30.0 °C)	September 16–30	83 °F (28.3 °C)

Surrounding areas [edit]

Demographics [edit]

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1920	644		—
1930	half dozen,494		908.4%
1940	28,012		331.4%
1950	46,282		65.2%
1960	63,145		36.four%
1970	87,072		37.9%
1980	96,298		10.6%
1990	92,639		−3.8%
2000	87,933		−5.1%
2010	87,779		−0.2%
2020	82,890		−v.half-dozen%
U.Due south. Decennial Census[86]

2020 census [edit]

Miami Beach racial composition
(Hispanics excluded from racial categories)
(NH = Non-Hispanic)^[87]

Race	Number	Percentage
White (NH)	33,274	xl.14%
Black or African American (NH)	2,201	2.66%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH)	76	0.09%
Asian (NH)	1,606	0.74%
Pacific Islander (NH)	22	0.03%
Some other Race (NH)	841	i.01%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH)	2,894	three.49%
Hispanic or Latino	41,976	l.64%
Total	82,890

Equally of the 2020 United states census, there were 82,890 people, twoscore,084 households, and 21,028 families residing in the city.

2020 census [edit]

Miami Beach demographics
2020 Census	Miami Beach	Miami-Dade County	Florida
Total population	82,890	ii,701,767	21,538,187
Population, percent change, 2010 to 2020	–5.6%	+8.ii%	+14.6%
Population density	10,774.73/sq mi	1,492.9/sq mi	384.three/sq mi
White or Caucasian (including White Hispanic)	87.4% (2010)	73.8%	75.0%
(Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian)	40.14% (2020)	15.4%	57.9%
Blackness or African-American	ii.66% (2020)	18.nine%	16.0%
Hispanic or Latino (of whatsoever race)	l.64% (2020)	65.0%	22.5%
Asian	1.94% (2020)	one.v%	2.4%
Native American or Native Alaskan	0.09% (2020)	0.2%	0.4%
Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian	0.03% (2020)	0.0%	0.1%
Ii or more races (Multiracial)	four.51% (2020)	2.four%	ii.5%
Another Race	0.00% (2020)	3.2%	three.6%

Equally of 2010^[update], those of Hispanic or Latino beginnings deemed for 53.0% of Miami Beach's population. Out of the 53.0%, twenty.0% were Cuban, 4.ix% Colombian, 4.half dozen% Argentine, 3.7% Puerto Rican, ii.4% Peruvian, 2.1% Venezuelan, 1.8% Mexican, 1.vii% Honduran, 1.half-dozen% Guatemalan, 1.4% Dominican, 1.1% Uruguayan, 1.1% Spaniard, i.0% Nicaraguan, 0.9% Ecuadorian and 0.8% were Chilean.^[88]

As of 2010^[update], those of African beginnings accounted for 4.4% of Miami Beach's population, which includes African Americans. Out of the 4.4%, 1.3% were Blackness Hispanics, 0.8% were Subsaharan African, and 0.8% were Westward Indian or Afro-Caribbean American (0.3% Jamaican, 0.3% Haitian, 0.i% Other or Unspecified Due west Indian, 0.1% Trinidadian and Tobagonian.)^{[88] [89] [xc] [91]}

Every bit of 2010^[update], those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 40.5% of Miami Beach's population. Out of the 40.5%, 9.0% Italian, 6.0% German, 3.8% were Irish, 3.eight% Russian, 3.vii% French, iii.4% Smooth, iii.0% English language, ane.two% Hungarian, 0.7% Swedish, 0.vi% Scottish, 0.v% Portuguese, 0.5% Dutch, 0.v% Scotch-Irish gaelic, and 0.v% were Norwegian.^{[89] [ninety]}

As of 2010^[update], those of Asian beginnings deemed for 1.nine% of Miami Beach'south population. Out of the i.9%, 0.6% were Indian, 0.4% Filipino, 0.3% Other Asian, 0.three% Chinese, 0.i% Japanese, 0.1% Korean, and 0.1% were Vietnamese.^[89]

In 2010, two.8% of the population considered themselves to exist of only American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity), and ane.5% were of Arab ancestry (with the majority of them being of Palestinian and Lebanese descent), as of 2010^[update].^{[89] [90]}

As of 2010^[update], there were 67,499 households, while 30.1% were vacant. thirteen.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.3% were married couples living together, 8.iv% had a female householder with no husband nowadays, and 61.i% were non-families. 49.0% of all households were fabricated up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living solitary who was 65 years of historic period or older (4.0% male and 8.0% female.) The average household size was 1.84 and the boilerplate family unit size was two.70.^{[89] [92]}

In 2010, the metropolis population was spread out, with 12.8% under the historic period of 18, vii.4% from 18 to 24, 38.0% from 25 to 44, 25.seven% from 45 to 64, and sixteen.ii% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.iii years. For every 100 females, there were 109.9 males. For every 100 females age eighteen and over, there were 111.0 males.^{[89] [92]}

As of 2010^[update], the median income for a household in the city was $43,538, and the median income for a family was $52,104. Males had a median income of $42,605 versus $36,269 for females. The per capita income for the city was $xl,515. About ten.9% of families and fifteen.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.0% of those under age xviii and 27.five% of those aged 65 or over.^[93]

In 2010, 51.7% of the urban center'southward population was strange-born. Of foreign-born residents, 76.ix% were born in Latin America and 13.6% were born in Europe, with smaller percentages from North America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania.^[xc]

Equally of 2000, speakers of Spanish at home deemed for 54.ninety% of residents, while those who spoke exclusively English made up 32.76%. Speakers of Portuguese were iii.38%, French 1.66%, High german 1.12%, Italian one.00%, and Russian 0.85% of the population. Due to the big Jewish community, Yiddish was spoken at the dwelling house of 0.81% of the population, and Hebrew was the mother tongue of 0.75%.^[94]

Every bit of 2000, Miami Beach had the 22nd highest concentration of Cuban residents in the Usa, at 20.51% of the population.^[95] It had the 28th highest pct of Colombian residents, at iv.twoscore% of the city'due south population,^[96] and was tied with ii other locations for the 14th highest pct of Brazilian residents, at two.20% of its population.^[97] It too had the 27th largest concentration of Peruvian ancestry, at 1.85%,^[98] and the 27th highest pct of people of Venezuelan heritage, at 1.79%.^[99] Miami Beach likewise has the 33rd highest concentration of Honduran ancestry at 1.21%^[100] and the 41st highest percentage of Nicaraguan residents, which made upward 1.03% of the population.^[101]

Transportation [edit]

Public Transportation in Miami Beach is operated by Miami-Dade Transit (MDT). Along with neighborhoods such as Downtown and Brickell, public transit is heavily used in Miami Beach and is a vital role of city life. Although Miami Embankment has no direct Metrorail stations, numerous Metrobus lines connect to Downtown Miami and Metrorail (i.e., the 'South' bus line). The S Beach Local (SBL) is one of the most heavily used lines in Miami and connects all major points of Southward Beach to other major bus lines in the urban center. Metrobus ridership in Miami Beach is high, with some of the routes such as the L and S being the busiest Metrobus routes.^[102]

The Drome-Beach Express (Route 150), operated by MDT, is a direct-service bus line that connects Miami International Aerodrome to major points in S Embankment. The ride costs $2.65, and runs every thirty minutes from 6:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.thousand. seven days a week.^[103]

Bicycling [edit]

Since the late 20th century, cycling has grown in popularity in Miami Beach. Due to its dense, urban nature, and pedestrian-friendly streets, many Miami Beach residents go effectually by wheel.

In March 2011 a public bicycle sharing organization named Decobike was launched, one of just a handful of such programs in the United states. The plan is operated past a private corporation, Decobike, LLC, only is partnered with the City of Miami Beach in a acquirement-sharing model.^[104] Once fully implemented, the program hopes to accept effectually one thousand bikes attainable from 100 stations throughout Miami Beach, from around 85th Street on the northward side of Miami Embankment all the way south to South Pointe Park.^[105]

Education [edit]

Miami-Dade County Public Schools serves Miami Beach.

• North Beach Elementary
• Treasure Island Elementary
• South Pointe Elementary
• Mater Embankment Academy
• Biscayne Elementary
• Fienberg/Fisher K–8 Center
• Nautilus Center School
• Miami Beach Senior Loftier Schoolhouse

Private schools include Rabbi Alexander Due south. Gross Hebrew Academy, St. Patrick Cosmic Schoolhouse, Landow Yeshiva – Lubavitch Educational Middle (Klurman Mesivta High School for Boys and Beis Chana Center and High Schoolhouse for Girls), and Mechina High School.^{[ citation needed ]} The Roman Cosmic Archdiocese of Miami operates St. Patrick Catholic School in Miami Beach. The archdiocese formerly operated Saint Joseph Schoolhouse in Miami Embankment.^[106]

In the early history of Miami Beach, there was one elementary school and the Ida Chiliad. Fisher junior-senior high school.^[107] The building of Miami Beach High was constructed in 1926, and classes began in 1928.^[108]

Colleges and universities [edit]

The Florida International Academy School of Architecture has a sis campus at 420 Lincoln Route in South Beach, with classroom spaces for FIU architecture, fine art, music and theater graduate students.^[109]

Other Colleges include:

• Johnson & Wales University (satellite campus closing at the cease of the 2020–2021 school yr.)^[110]

Neighborhoods [edit]

A portion of the southern part of the South Beach skyline equally seen from Biscayne Bay. Photo: Marc Averette

The northernmost section of the city referred to as North Beach

South Beach [edit]

• Belle Isle
• Urban center Middle
• Di Lido Island
• Flagler Monument Isle
• Flamingo/Lummus
• Hibiscus Island
• Palm Island
• Rivo Alto Island
• San Marino Isle
• Star Isle
• South of Fifth

Mid-Embankment [edit]

• Oceanfront
• Bayshore
• Nautilus

North Beach [edit]

• Biscayne Signal
• Island of Normandy
• La Gorce
• North Shore

Points of interest [edit]

• Bass Museum
• Eden Roc (hotel)
• The Fillmore Miami Beach (originally the Miami Beach Municipal Auditorium)
• Flagler Monument Island
• Fontainebleau Hotel
• Versace Mansion (Casa Casuarina)
• Holocaust Memorial
• Jewish Museum of Florida
• Lincoln Road
• Miami Beach Architectural District
• Miami Beach Botanical Garden
• Due north Embankment
• Ocean Drive
• South Beach
• S Pointe Park
• Wolfsonian-FIU Museum
• World Erotic Art Museum Miami
• The Setai Hotel

Notable people [edit]

• George Abbott, playwright, screenwriter, producer, and director
• George Ade (1866–1944), writer
• Moses Annenberg, newspaper publisher
• Desi Arnaz (1917–1986), entertainer
• Shmuley Boteach (built-in 1966), Orthodox rabbi, radio and telly host, and author^[111]
• Walter Briggs, Sr., entrepreneur, owner of the Detroit Tigers
• Douglas Isaac Busch, photographer and instructor
• Barbara Baer Capitman, historic preservation activist, writer
• Al Capone (1899–1947), mobster
• David Caruso, thespian and producer, star of NYPD Blue and CSI: Miami
• John S. Collins, horticulturist
• Kent Cooper, Associated Press
• James M. Cox, Governor of Ohio and presidential candidate
• Andrew Cunanan, serial killer
• Ron Dermer (born 1971), Israeli Administrator to the Usa
• Harvey Firestone, Firestone Tires
• Carl Graham Fisher, developer of Miami Beach
• Frank Gannett, Gannett Media Corporation
• Jackie Gleason, comedian, actor. Goggle box host (Jackie Gleason and His American Scene Mag 1964–1966, The Jackie Gleason Show 1966–1970)
• Tony Goldman, real estate programmer
• Ronald Green (1944–2012), American-Israeli basketball player
• Gabriel Heatter, radio commentator
• Jerry Herman, Broadway composer
• John D. Hertz, Hertz Rental Cars
• Nunnally Johnson, motion picture director
• South.S. Kresge, retailer
• Meyer Lansky (1902–1983), mobster
• Albert Lasker, businessman
• Band Lardner (1885–1933), writer
• Dan Le Batard, ESPN Radio & Television receiver host
• Bernarr MacFadden, bodybuilder, owner of the Deauville Hotel
• Floyd Mayweather Jr., boxer
• Alex Omes, co-founder of Ultra Music Festival
• Yaxeni Oriquen-Garcia, IFBB professional bodybuilder
• James Greenbacks Penney, section shop magnate
• Irving Jacob Reuter, General Motors
• Grantland Rice, sportswriter
• Knute Rockne, football player and coach
• Damon Runyon, newspaperman and writer
• Nicholas Schenck, MGM studios
• Dutch Schultz, mobster
• Robin Sherwood, extra
• Sid Tepper, Songwriter
• Gianni Versace (1946–1997), fashion designer
• Betty Viana-Adkins, IFBB professional bodybuilder
• Neal Walk (1948–2015), basketball player
• Albert Warner, Warner Brothers studio founder
• Walter Winchell, columnist
• Garfield Wood, inventor

Sister cities [edit]

Miami Embankment has 12 sister cities^[112]

• Brampton, Canada^[113]
• Almonte, Spain
• Marbella, Spain
• Fortaleza, Brazil
• Santa Marta, Colombia
• Český Krumlov, Czech Republic
• Nahariya, Israel
• Pescara, Italy
• Fujisawa, Nippon
• Cozumel, Mexico
• Ica, Peru
• Basel, Switzerland
• Asmara, Eritrea^[114]

Tourism [edit]

The City of Miami Beach accounts for more than than half of tourism to Miami Dade County. Of the fifteen.86 million people staying in the county in 2017, 58.5% lodged in Miami Beach. Resort taxes business relationship for over 10% of the urban center'south operating budget, providing $83 one thousand thousand in the fiscal year 2016–2017. On average, the city'southward resort revenue enhancement revenue grows past three to 5 per centum annually. Miami Beach hosts 13.three million visitors each year. In fiscal year 2016/2017, Miami Embankment had over 26,600 hotel rooms. Average occupancy in fiscal year 2015/2016 was 76.4% and 78.5% in fiscal year 2016/2017.^[115] Mayor Harold Rosen is credited with kickoff the revitalization of Miami Beach when he notably abolished rent control in 1976, a movement that was highly controversial at the time.^{[116] [117]}

[edit]

The Miami Beach Visitor and Convention Authority is a seven-fellow member board, appointed by the Metropolis of Miami Embankment Committee. The authority, established in 1967 by the State of Florida legislature, is the official marketing and public relations organization for the city, to support its tourism industry.^[118]

See also [edit]

• 8th & Ocean
• Collins Bridge
• Causeways
  • Julia Tuttle Causeway
  • Macarthur Causeway
  • Venetian Causeway
• Doral Hotel
• Listing of mayors of Miami Embankment, Florida
• List of tallest buildings in Miami Beach
• Listing of upscale shopping districts
• Miami Beach Police force Department
• Miami Modern Architecture
• Miami-Dade County
• Body of water Drive
• Rosie the Elephant
• South Beach Tow
• Spring Interruption
• A Hole in the Caput, 1959 comedy film
• The Bellboy, 1960 comedy picture show
• Fair Game, 1995 film

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Bibliography [edit]

• Miami City Directory, including Miami Beach and Coconut Grove. R.50. Polk & Co. 1919.
  • 1920 ed.
• Federal Writers' Project (1939). "Miami Beach". Florida: a Guide to the Southernmost Land. American Guide Series. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Crimson Leach Carson (1955). "Forty Years of Miami Embankment" (PDF). Tequesta. Historical Clan of Southern Florida. ISSN 0363-3705 – via Florida International Academy.
• Abraham D. Lavender (2002). Miami Embankment in 1920: The Making of a Winter Resort. Arcadia. ISBN978-0-7385-2351-4.
• Seth Bramson (2005). Miami Embankment. Images of America. Charleston, S Carolina: Arcadia. ISBN9780738541747.
• Paul T. Hellmann (2006). "Florida: Miami Beach". Historical Gazetteer of the Us. Taylor & Francis. ISBN1-135-94859-3.
• Patricia Kennedy (2006). Miami Beach. Arcadia Publishing, Images of America series, 2006. ISBN9780738524818.
• Carolyn Klepser (2014). Lost Miami Embankment. Charleston, South Carolina: History Printing. ISBN978-1-62584-959-five.

Gallery [edit]

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  The Art Deco District at S Beach during the twenty-four hour period.

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  Lifeguard stand at the S Pointe Beach

External links [edit]

Official sites [edit]

• City of Miami Embankment

Photos [edit]

• Miami Beach Architecture Photos
• Photographs of Miami Embankment From the Country Library & Archives of Florida
• Photos of Miami Embankment, Miami and surrounding areas

Other [edit]

• Miami Design Preservation League – Non-profit Organization for the preservation of Miami Beach Architectural History
• Miami'due south Southeast Coast – Biscayne Bay Watershed – Florida DEP
• "(Miami Beach)". Florida Memory. Florida Department of State, Segmentation of Library and Information Services.
• Items related to Miami Beach, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)
• Harris, Alex. "Miami Beach Is Waging State of war on Body of water Rise. One Idea: Plough a Golf Course into Wetlands." Miamiherald, Miami Herald, 20 Sept. 2019, Wildflower Preserve - Lemon Bay Conservancy. Wildflower Preserve.

Forest, Travis. "As Hundreds of Golf game Courses Close, Nature Gets a Chance to Make a Comeback." Ensia, Equally hundreds of golf game courses close, nature gets a chance to make a improvement.

hutchensyeadeve.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida

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